Definition
Ignimbrite is a volcanic rock consisting mainly of pumice fragments, formed by the consolidation of material deposited by pyroclastic flows
  
Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock which forms from rounded gravel and boulder sized clasts which are cemented together in a matrix
  
History
  
  
Origin
New Zealand
  
Italy
  
Discoverer
Patrick Marshall
  
Unknown
  
Etymology
From Latin ignis fire + imber, imbr- shower of rain, storm cloud + -ite
  
From Latin conglomeratus, to roll together, i.e. from com together + glomerare to gather into a ball, from glomus (genitive glomeris) a ball
  
Class
Igneous Rocks
  
Sedimentary Rocks
  
Sub-Class
Durable Rock, Medium Hardness Rock
  
Durable Rock, Soft Rock
  
Family
  
  
Group
Volcanic
  
Not Applicable
  
Other Categories
Fine Grained Rock, Opaque Rock
  
Coarse Grained Rock, Opaque Rock
  
Texture
Aphanitic
  
Clastic
  
Color
Beige, Black, Brown, Grey, Pink, White
  
Beige, Black, Brown, Buff, Light to Dark Grey, Orange, Rust, White, Yellow
  
Maintenance
More
  
More
  
Durability
Durable
  
Durable
  
Water Resistant
Yes
  
No
  
Scratch Resistant
Yes
  
Yes
  
Stain Resistant
No
  
No
  
Wind Resistant
Yes
  
No
  
Acid Resistant
No
  
No
  
Appearance
Dull, Vesicular and Foilated
  
Shiny and Rounded
  
Architecture
  
  
Interior Uses
Decorative Aggregates, Floor Tiles, Homes, Interior Decoration
  
Decorative Aggregates, Floor Tiles, Homes
  
Exterior Uses
As Building Stone, Garden Decoration, Office Buildings, Paving Stone
  
As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Office Buildings, Roof Tiles
  
Other Architectural Uses
Curbing
  
Curbing
  
Industry
  
  
Construction Industry
Building houses or walls, Construction Aggregate
  
As Dimension Stone, Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate, Roadstone
  
Medical Industry
Not Yet Used
  
Not Yet Used
  
Antiquity Uses
Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture, Small Figurines
  
Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture, Small Figurines
  
Other Uses
  
  
Commercial Uses
Cemetery Markers, Commemorative Tablets, Creating Artwork
  
Cemetery Markers, In aquifers, Tombstones
  
Types
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Features
Always found as volcanic pipes over deep continental crust
  
Clasts are smooth to touch, Is one of the oldest rock, Matrix variable
  
Archaeological Significance
  
  
Monuments
Used
  
Used
  
Famous Monuments
Data Not Available
  
Data Not Available
  
Sculpture
Used
  
Used
  
Famous Sculptures
Data Not Available
  
Data Not Available
  
Pictographs
Used
  
Used
  
Petroglyphs
Used
  
Used
  
Figurines
Used
  
Used
  
Fossils
Absent
  
Present
  
Formation
Ignimbrites are formed from very poorly sorted mixture of volcanic ash or tuff and pumice lapilli, commonly with scattered lithic fragments.
  
Conglomerate forms where sediments consisting mainly of pebble and cobble-size clasts at least two millimeters in diameter starts accumulating.
  
Composition
  
  
Mineral Content
Apatite, Biotite, Calcite, Chlorite, Feldspar, Hematite, Hornblade, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Olivine, Pyroxene, Quartz
  
Clay, Sand, Silica, Silt
  
Compound Content
Ca, NaCl
  
NaCl, CaO
  
Transformation
  
  
Metamorphism
Yes
  
Yes
  
Types of Metamorphism
Burial Metamorphism, Contact Metamorphism, Hydrothermal Metamorphism, Impact Metamorphism, Regional Metamorphism
  
Burial Metamorphism, Cataclastic Metamorphism, Regional Metamorphism
  
Weathering
Yes
  
No
  
Types of Weathering
Biological Weathering, Chemical Weathering
  
Not Applicable
  
Erosion
Yes
  
No
  
Types of Erosion
Chemical Erosion, Coastal Erosion
  
Chemical Erosion, Coastal Erosion
  
Physical Properties
  
  
Hardness
4-6
  
2-3
  
Grain Size
Fine Grained
  
Coarse Grained
  
Fracture
Uneven
  
Uneven
  
Streak
White
  
White
  
Porosity
Highly Porous
  
Highly Porous
  
Luster
Vitreous to Dull
  
Dull
  
Compressive Strength
243.80 N/mm
2
  
5
Not Available
  
Cleavage
Not Available
  
Non-Existent
  
Toughness
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Specific Gravity
2.73
  
2.86-2.88
  
Transparency
Opaque
  
Opaque
  
Density
1-1.8 g/cm3
  
1.7-2.3 g/cm3
  
Thermal Properties
  
  
Specific Heat Capacity
0.20 kJ/Kg K
  
25
0.92 kJ/Kg K
  
10
Resistance
Heat Resistant, Impact Resistant, Pressure Resistant, Wear Resistant
  
Heat Resistant
  
Deposits in Eastern Continents
  
  
Asia
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen
  
China, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan
  
Africa
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
  
Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa
  
Europe
France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom
  
Austria, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  
Others
Antarctica, Hawaii Islands
  
Greenland
  
Deposits in Western Continents
  
  
North America
Canada, Costa Rica, Panama, USA
  
Canada, USA
  
South America
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador
  
Brazil
  
Deposits in Oceania Continent
  
  
Australia
Central Australia, Western Australia
  
New South Wales, New Zealand