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Shonkinite and Anthracite


Anthracite and Shonkinite


Definition

Definition
Shonkinite is a rare, dark-coloured and intrusive igneous rock which contains augite and orthoclase feldspar as its primary constituents  
Anthracite is a type of sedimentary rock which is hard and is variety of coal that has high luster  

History
  
  

Origin
USA  
Pennsylvania, U.S.  

Discoverer
Unknown  
Unknown  

Etymology
From the name of Shonkin Sag ranges in the Highwood Mountains of north-central Montana, US  
From Greek anthrakites, from anthrax, anthrak meaning coal  

Class
Igneous Rocks  
Metamorphic Rocks  

Sub-Class
Durable Rock, Medium Hardness Rock  
Durable Rock, Soft Rock  

Family
  
  

Group
-  
-  

Other Categories
Coarse Grained Rock, Fine Grained Rock, Medium Grained Rock, Opaque Rock  
Coarse Grained Rock, Fine Grained Rock, Medium Grained Rock, Opaque Rock  

Texture

Texture
Earthy  
Amorphous, Glassy  

Color
Brown, Buff, Cream, Green, Grey, Pink, White  
Black, Brown, Dark Brown, Grey, Light to Dark Grey  

Maintenance
Less  
Less  

Durability
Durable  
Durable  

Water Resistant
No  
No  

Scratch Resistant
Yes  
No  

Stain Resistant
Yes  
No  

Wind Resistant
No  
No  

Acid Resistant
No  
No  

Appearance
Banded and Foilated  
Veined or Pebbled  

Uses

Architecture
  
  

Interior Uses
Decorative Aggregates, Flooring, Homes, Interior Decoration  
-  

Exterior Uses
As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Paving Stone  
-  

Other Architectural Uses
Curbing  
-  

Industry
  
  

Construction Industry
As Dimension Stone, Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate, Landscaping, Making natural cement, Manufacture of Magnesium and Dolomite Refractories  
Cement Manufacture, for Road Aggregate, Making natural cement, Steel Production  

Medical Industry
-  
In Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry, Manufacture of Aspirins  

Antiquity Uses
Artifacts, Monuments, Sculpture  
-  

Other Uses
  
  

Commercial Uses
Cemetery Markers, Creating Artwork  
Alumina Refineries, Electricity Generation, Liquid Fuel, Manufacture of Soap, Solvents, Dyes, Plastics and Fibres, Paper Industry  

Types

Types
Igneous rock  
Semi-anthracite and Meta-anthracite  

Features
Available in Lots of Colors and Patterns, Is one of the oldest rock, Matrix variable  
Helps in production of Heat and Electricity, Used as fossil fuel  

Archaeological Significance
  
  

Monuments
-  
-  

Famous Monuments
-  
-  

Sculpture
-  
-  

Famous Sculptures
-  
-  

Pictographs
-  
-  

Petroglyphs
-  
-  

Figurines
-  
-  

Fossils
Absent  
Absent  

Formation

Formation
Shonkinites are formed due to alkaline igneous activities and are generally formed in thick continental crustal areas or in Cordilleran subduction zones.   
Anthracite forms from the accumulation of plant debris in a swamp environment. When plant debris dies and falls into the swamp, the standing water of the swamp protects it from decay.   

Composition
  
  

Mineral Content
Amphibole, Biotite, Feldspar, Hornblade, Micas, Muscovite or Illite, Plagioclase, Pyroxene, Quartz  
Calcite, Clay, Clay Minerals  

Compound Content
Aluminium Oxide, CaO, Iron(III) Oxide, FeO, Potassium Oxide, MgO, MnO, Sodium Oxide, Phosphorus Pentoxide, Silicon Dioxide, Titanium Dioxide  
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur  

Transformation
  
  

Metamorphism
Yes  
Yes  

Types of Metamorphism
Burial Metamorphism, Cataclastic Metamorphism, Contact Metamorphism, Hydrothermal Metamorphism, Impact Metamorphism, Regional Metamorphism  
Burial Metamorphism, Contact Metamorphism, Regional Metamorphism  

Weathering
Yes  
No  

Types of Weathering
Biological Weathering, Chemical Weathering, Mechanical Weathering  
-  

Erosion
Yes  
No  

Types of Erosion
Chemical Erosion, Coastal Erosion, Sea Erosion, Water Erosion  
-  

Properties

Physical Properties
  
  

Hardness
5.5-6  
1-1.5  

Grain Size
Medium to Fine Coarse Grained  
Medium to Fine Coarse Grained  

Fracture
-  
Conchoidal  

Streak
White  
Black  

Porosity
Less Porous  
Less Porous  

Luster
Subvitreous to Dull  
Shiny  

Compressive Strength
150.00 N/mm2  
22
-  

Cleavage
Perfect  
-  

Toughness
-  
-  

Specific Gravity
2.6-2.7  
1.1-1.4  

Transparency
Opaque  
Opaque  

Density
2.6-2.8 g/cm3  
1.25-2.5 g/cm3  

Thermal Properties
  
  

Specific Heat Capacity
0.92 kJ/Kg K  
10
1.32 kJ/Kg K  
4

Resistance
Heat Resistant, Impact Resistant, Wear Resistant  
Heat Resistant, Water Resistant  

Reserves

Deposits in Eastern Continents
  
  

Asia
China, India, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam  
Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Turkey, Vietnam  

Africa
Angola, Egypt, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa  
Botswana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania  

Europe
Bulgaria, England, Germany, Norway, Romania, Switzerland  
Belgium, Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, The Czech Republic, Ukraine, United Kingdom  

Others
-  
-  

Deposits in Western Continents
  
  

North America
USA  
Canada, Mexico, USA  

South America
Brazil, Chile  
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela  

Deposits in Oceania Continent
  
  

Australia
New Zealand, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia  
New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria  

Summary >>
<< Reserves

All about Shonkinite and Anthracite Properties

Know all about Shonkinite and Anthracite properties here. All properties of rocks are important as they define the type of rock and its application. Shonkinite belongs to Igneous Rocks while Anthracite belongs to Metamorphic Rocks.Texture of Shonkinite is Earthy whereas that of Anthracite is Amorphous, Glassy. Shonkinite appears Banded and Foilated and Anthracite appears Veined or Pebbled. The luster of Shonkinite is subvitreous to dull while that of Anthracite is shiny. Shonkinite is available in brown, buff, cream, green, grey, pink, white colors whereas Anthracite is available in black, brown, dark brown, grey, light to dark grey colors. The commercial uses of Shonkinite are cemetery markers, creating artwork and that of Anthracite are alumina refineries, electricity generation, liquid fuel, manufacture of soap, solvents, dyes, plastics and fibres, paper industry.

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